LGS Inc. is a private company. You have recently been hired as the CFO for the company and are currently finalizing the company year-end report for December 31, 2011. The company has an option to follow either IFRS or PE GAAP, and has not yet made the choice. Three situations have arisen affecting the company's reporting of income taxes.
These situations are
described below (assume that tax rates are 28%).
1. Shortly after you were
hired, you found that a prior period adjustment had been made in 2010, and the
future income tax liability account was adjusted through retained earnings as
part of this error correction. The difference between the accounting value and
the tax value of the related asset is $1 million. Originally, the rate used to
record the future income tax liability was 25%. In 2011, the enacted tax rate on
this difference is now 28% and therefore an adjustment must be made to the
financial tax liability account.
2. The company has land with
a building that has been recently appraised at a fair value of $10 million.
Currently, the building's carrying value is $6.5 million and its original cost
was $8 million. Accumulated capital cost allowance booked to date on the
building is $2.3 million. (Ignore the one-time adjustments allowed to property,
plant, and equipment for first-time adopters for IFRS or PE GAAP.)
3. LGS bought some equity
investments during the year that are not publicly traded for a total cost of
$340,000. The company purchased these as an investment to be sold in the near
future. Currently, the shares have been valued at December 31, 2010, for
$510,000. There were no dividends received on this investment during the
year.
Instructions For each of the
situations described above, discuss the options for reporting the income tax
implications under IFRS and PE GAAP.
(1) An
adjustment of $30,000 [$1 million X (28% – 25%)] is required to increase the
future income tax liability. However, there is a difference in how the
offsetting amount to this entry is recorded under IFRS and PE GAAP. Under IFRS,
using backward tracing, as the error correction was originally recorded in
retained earnings, then the related income tax impact of $30,000 must also be
reported against retained earnings. In contrast, under PE GAAP, the offsetting
adjustment would be posted through the current net income.
(2)
Under PE GAAP, the assets are not revalued, (except one time on transition which
is being ignored as part of this question). Consequently, under PE GAAP, the
company will not increase the value of the property to its fair value. Under
IFRS, the company has the option to adopt the revaluation method. Using the
revaluation method, the increase in the fair value of $3.5 million (10 million
less $6.5 million) is reported as a revaluation surplus. There is now a total
temporary difference of $4.3 million between the accounting value ($10 million)
and the tax value $5.7 million ($8 million – $2.3 million) of the asset. The
related tax impact would be to increase the future tax liability by $980,000
($3.5 million X 28%) and the offsetting entry would be to other comprehensive
income. The total future income tax liability related to this asset would now
be: $1,204,000 (10 million - $5.7 million X 28%). This would have been recorded
as follows:
In
previous years: ($6.5 million – $5.7 million) X 28% = $224,000
This
year’s adjustment: $980,000
Total
future income tax liability: $1,204,000
(3)
Under PE GAAP, the company has the option to report this equity investment at
fair market value through net income or at cost. The company also has the
option to use the taxes payable method or the future income tax method (asset
liability method) for reporting income taxes. Below, these different
combinations of alternatives are examined:
i.
Equity investment at cost
and taxes payable method is used: In this case, there is no impact on the
income taxes for the company. Since LGS has not sold the investment, there are
no taxes to be paid. In addition, since the investment has not been revalued,
there is no impact on the accounting income for the year ended December 31,
2011. The tax value and the accounting value of the asset are the same, and
there are no reversing differences to recognize.
ii.
Equity investment at cost
and the future income tax method is used for taxes. Under these methods, the
investment carrying value remains at $340,000, and no increase in value is
reported in the net income. Also, since the gain is only reported for tax
purposes when realized, there is no impact on taxes payable. As a result, the
tax value and accounting value of the asset are the same at $340,000, and there
is no future income tax liability.
iii.
Equity investment is
adjusted to fair value, and the company uses the taxes payable method. In this
case, the asset would be increased to $510,000, and the resulting holding gain
of $170,000 ($510,000 – $340,000) would be reported in net income. However,
since the company has chosen to follow the taxes payable method, only the actual
amount of taxes due is recorded as an expense which is not impacted by
unrealized holding gains. There is no future income tax liability that must be
reported even though there is a difference between the tax value and the
accounting value of the investment.
iv.
Equity investment is
adjusted to fair value and the future income tax method is used. In this case,
the asset would be increased to $510,000, and the resulting unrealized gain of
$170,000 ($510,000 – $340,000) would be reported in net income. The tax value
of the investment is $340,000, the accounting value is $510,000, and therefore
there is a temporary difference of $170,000. At a tax rate of 28%, the future
income taxes liability account would be increased by $47,600 ($170,000 X 28%).
This tax impact would also be reported in net income.
Under IFRS, the
company must report the investment at fair value, since the investment does not
have contractual cash flows. The company must report this investment as FV
through NI since it is held for trading. In this case, the accounting is exactly
the same as (iv) above:
In this case, the asset
would be increased to $510,000, and the resulting unrealized gain of $170,000
($510,000 – $340,000) would be reported in net income. The tax value of the
investment is $340,000, the accounting value is $510,000, and therefore there is
a temporary difference of $170,000. At a tax rate of 28%, the future income
taxes liability account would be increased by $47,600 ($170,000 X 28%). This
tax impact would also be reported in net income.
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