Aaron Engines Ltd. operates small engine repair outlets and is a tenant in several of Tran Holdings Inc.'s strip shopping malls. Aaron signed several lease renewals with Tran that each called for a three-month rent-free period. The leases start at various dates and are for three to five years each. As with all of Tran's tenants, Aaron pays rent quarterly, three months in advance, and records the payments initially to Prepaid Rent.
The rent-free period obtained in the lease agreement with Tran Holdings Inc. reduces the overall rental costs of the outlets over the term of each lease. Aaron's accounting policy requires the leasing costs of each outlet to be allocated evenly over the term of the lease to fairly match expenses with revenues. Aaron accrues rent expense during the rent-free period to an account called Rent Payable. Following the rent-free period, the Rent Payable account is amortized to Rent Expense over the remaining term of the lease. For tax purposes, Aaron must use the cash basis and is unable to deduct the rent expense accrued during the rent-free periods. On its tax return, Aaron can only deduct the actual rent payments when they are made.
The balances for the accounts related to prepaid rent and rent payable under leases as well as payments for interest to earn tax-exempt income and payments for golf club dues for the years ending December 31, 2013 and 2012, follow:
In 2012, Aaron’s tax rate is 43%, and it is 42% for subsequent years. Income before income tax for the year ended December 31, 2012, was $884,000. During 2013, Aaron’s tax rate changed to 44% for 2013 and subsequent years. Income before income tax for the year ended December 31, 2013, was $997,000.
Instructions
(a) Calculate the future income tax asset or liability balances at December 31, 2012 and 2013.
(b) Calculate taxable income and income taxes payable for 2012 and 2013.
(c) Prepare the journal entries to record income taxes for 2012 and 2013.
(d) Prepare a comparative income statement for 2012 and 2013, beginning with the line “Income before income taxes.”
(e) Provide the comparative balance sheet presentation for any resulting future tax balance sheet accounts at December 31, 2012 and 2013. Be specific about the classification.
(f) Calculate the effective rate of tax for 2013. Provide a reconciliation and explanation of why this differs from the statutory rate of 44%. Begin the reconciliation with the statutory rate.
(g) Repeat the balance sheet presentation in part (e) assuming Aaron follows IFRS.
(a)
2012:
Balance | | | Deductible | | | (PE GAAP) |
Sheet | | | (Taxable) | | Future Tax | Current |
Account | Carrying | Tax | Temporary | Tax | Asset | or Long- |
Dec. 31, 2012 | Amount | Basis | Differences | Rate | (Liability) | Term |
Prepaid Rent | $89,000 | 0 | ($89,000) | 42% | ($37,380) | C |
Rent Payable | 146,000 | 0 | 146,000 | 42% | 61,320 | LT |
Future income tax asset, December 31, 2012 Future income tax asset before adjustmentIncr. in future income tax asset and future income tax benefit for 2012 | 23,940 0 $ 23,940 | |
2013:
Balance | | | Deductible | | | (PE-GAAP) |
Sheet | | | (Taxable) | | Future Tax | Current |
Account | Carrying | Tax | Temporary | Tax | Asset | Long- |
Dec. 31, 2013 | Amount | Basis | Differences | Rate | (Liability) | Term |
Prepaid Rent | $92,000 | 0 | ($92,000) | 44% | ($40,480) | C |
Rent Payable | 133,000 | 0 | 133,000 | 44% | 58,520 | LT |
Future income tax asset, December 31, 2013 Future income tax asset before adjustmentDecr. in future income tax asset and future income tax expense for 2013 | 18,040 23,940 ($ 5,900) | |
(b)
2012:
Accounting income | | $884,000 |
Permanent differences: | | |
Golf Club Dues | $13,000 | |
Interest incurred to earn exempt income | 4,000 | 17,000 |
| | 901,000 |
Reversing differences: | | |
Prepaid rent deductible when paid | | (89,000) |
Accrued rent expense not yet deductible | | 146,000 |
Taxable income | | $958,000 |
Current income taxes at 43% | | $411,940 |
2013:
Accounting income | | $997,000 |
Permanent differences: | | |
Golf Club Dues | $11,000 | |
Interest incurred to earn exempt income | 6,000 | 17,000 |
| | 1,014,000 |
Reversing differences: | | |
Excess of rent paid over rent expense recognized | | |
($92,000 – $89,000) | | (3,000) |
Excess of rent paid over rent expense recognized | | |
($146,000 – $133,000) | | (13,000) |
Taxable income | | $998,000 |
Current income taxes at 44% | | $439,120 |
(a)
2012 Journal entries:
Current Income Tax Expense.............. 411,940
Income Tax Payable.................. 411,940
Future Income Tax Asset................. 61,320*
Future Income Tax Liability......... 37,380*
Future Income Tax Benefit........... 23,940
* Alternately debit
Future Income Tax Asset/Liability... 23,940
2013 Journal entries:
Current Income Tax Expense.............. 439,120
Income Tax Payable.................. 439,120
Future Income Tax Expense............... 5,900
Future Income Tax Liability......... 3,100
Future Income Tax Asset............. 2,800
* Alternately credit
Future Income Tax Asset/Liability... 5,900
(d)
2013 2012
Income before income taxes $997,000 $884,000
Income tax expense
Current 439,120 411,940
Future (Benefit) 5,900 (23,940)
445,020 388,000
Net income $551,980 $496,000
(e) Refer to last two columns in tables in part (a) above.
2013 2012
Non-current assets
Future income tax asset $58,520 $61,320
Current liabilities
Future income tax liability 40,480 37,380
Under PE GAAP, future tax assets and future tax liabilities are segregated into current and non-current categories. The classification of an individual future tax liability or asset as current or non-current is determined by the classification of the asset or liability underlying the specific temporary difference.
(f) | | | | | | Divided by | ||||
| | | | | | Accounting | ||||
| | | | @ 44% | | Income | ||||
Accounting income | $997,000 | | $438,680 | | 44.0% | |||||
Non-deductible dues | 11,000 | | 4,840 | | 0.5% | |||||
Non-deductible interest | 6,000 | | 2,640 | | 0.3% | |||||
| | | | 446,160 | | 44.8% | ||||
Change in tax rate ($146,000 – $89,000) × (44% – 42%) | 57,000 | | (1,140) | | (0.2%) | |||||
| | | $445,020 | | 44.6% | |||||
Effective tax rate ($445,020/$997,000) | | | | 44.6% | ||||||
The effective tax rate differs from the statutory rate because of the effect of the permanent differences of golf club dues and interest, and because of the effect of the change in tax rate during the year on the future tax accounts.
(g)
2013 2012
Non-current assets
Future income tax asset $18,040** $23,940*
*($61,320 – $37,380 = $23,940)
**($58,520 – $40,480 = $18,040)
IFRS require that all deferred tax assets and liabilities be reported as non-current items on
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